India's agricultural sector, employing nearly 50% of the country's workforce and contributing significantly to GDP, faces unprecedented challenges from climate change. Erratic rainfall and climate change are disrupting crop cycles, threatening livelihoods, and fuelling food inflation across India. This comprehensive analysis examines the multifaceted impacts of climate change on Indian agriculture and evaluates existing and proposed policy solutions. The study reveals that without adaptation, rain-fed rice yields will fall 20% by 2050, wheat yields by 19% and maize by 18%. Through systematic evaluation of policy frameworks including the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA), this research identifies critical gaps and proposes integrated solutions for building climate-resilient agricultural systems in India.