The global agricultural sector faces an unprecedented challenge of feeding a growing population while maintaining environmental sustainability. This comparative study examines organic and chemical farming systems, analyzing their productivity levels, environmental impacts, economic viability, and long-term sustainability. Through comprehensive review of existing literature and analysis of empirical data, this research evaluates the trade-offs between conventional chemical-intensive agriculture and organic farming practices. The study reveals that while chemical farming typically achieves higher short-term yields, organic farming demonstrates superior environmental benefits and long-term soil health preservation. The findings suggest that a balanced approach incorporating sustainable intensification principles may offer the most viable path forward for global food security and environmental conservation.